In order to remove trace pollutants, advanced technologies such as NF, RO, and activated carbon adsorption are most efficient, they are less cost-effective as compared to other advanced treatment methods. Source separation by No-Mix toilets offers the opportunity to separate and treat emerging contaminants such as pharmaceutical residues, endocrine disruptors, and other micro-pollutants in a cost-effective way. To remove ECs at sink level, various advanced treatment methods such as activated sludge treatment, powder activated carbon (PAC), ozonation, membrane bioreactor, RO, ultra- low pressure reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), are being used. NF is effective in removing most recalcitrant ECs such as carbamazepine, chloromeb, isoxathion, chloroneb, and chlorpyrifos.
